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Agarwal, S. R. and Sreenivasan, A. 1972. Packaging aspects of irradiated flesh foods: Present status, a review. J. Food Technol 8: 27-37.
A review. The effects of ionzing radiation on flexible packaging materials (plastic films, cellophane, paper etc.) and on rigid containers (tin and aluminium cans) are discussed. The flexible materials approved in the U. S. are listed in a table. 64 references, especially to papers related to the U. S. Army and Atomic Energy Commission research programs, and to the earlier Soviet literature.
Allen, D. W., Brooks, J. S., and Unwin, J.. 1985. Gamma irradiation of food contact plastics: identification of tin-containing intermediates in the degradation of organotin-stabilized PVC by gamma irradiation. Chemistry and Industry (London): 524-525.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A., Smith, C. and McGuiness, J. D. 1987. Effects of gamma-irradiation on hindered phenol antioxidants in poly(vinyl chloride) and polyolefins. Chemistry and Industry (London): 198-199.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A. and Smith, C. 1987. Gamma irradiation of food contact plastics: the rapid destruction of an arylphosphite antioxidant in polypropylene. Chem. Ind. (London): 854-855.
Allen, D. W., Brooks, J. S., Unwin, J. and McGuiness, J. D. 1987. Studies of the degradation of organotin stabilizers in poly(vinyl chloride) during gamma irradiation. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 1: 311-317.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A., Smith, C. and McGuiness, J. D. 1988. The effects of gamma irradiation on the fate of polymer additives and the implications for migration from plastic food contact materials. Food Addit. Contam. 5 (Suppl No. 1): 433-435.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A. and Smith, C. 1988. The effects of gamma irradiation of food contact plastics on the extent of migration of hindered phenol antioxidants into fatty food simulants. Chem. Ind. (London): 399-400.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A. and Smith, C. 1989. The unexpected degradation of an internal standard in the h.p.l.c. determination of antioxidants in gamma-irradiated food contact polyolefins: a possible basis for a chemical test for an irradiated plastic. Chem. Ind. (London): 38-39.
Allen, D. W., Crowson, A. and Leathard, D. A. 1990. A comparison of the effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation on antioxidants present in food-contact polyolefins. Chemistry and Industry (London): 16-17.
Allen, D. W., Crowson, A., Leathard, D. A. and Smith, C. 1990. The effects of ionising radiation on additives present in food-contact polymers. pp. 124-139 in: D. E. Johnston and M. H. Stevenson (Eds.): Food Irradiation and the Chemist. The Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, Special Publication No. 86.
Allen, D. W., Leathard, D. A. and Smith, C. 1991. The effects of gamma irradiation on the fate of hindered phenol antioxidants in food contact polymers. Analytical and 14C-labelling studies. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum., Part C, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 38 (5): 461-465.
Allen, D. W., Clench, M. R., Crowson, A. and Leathard, D. A. 1993. Characterisation of solvent extractable transformation products of high molecular weight hindered phenols in polypropylene subjected to ionising radiation in air or to thermal ageing. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 39: 293-297.
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Anonymous. 1999. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride) polymer. Dionex Application Note 336; Dionex Co., 1228 Titan Way, P. O. Box 3603, Sunnyvale, CA 94008-3603.
DIONEX phone 1-800-346-6390,
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Anonymous. 1999. Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation. Official Journal L 066, 13/03/1999 p. 16-23.
Anonymous. 1999. Directive 1999/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the establishment of a Community list of foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation. Official Journal L 066, 13/03/1999 p. 24-25.
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Anonymous. 2000. ISO/DIS 15033 Plastics - Determination of caprolactam and its cyclic and linear oligomers by HPLC SC5.
not available (price)
ISO 15033:2000 Plastics -- Determination of caprolactam and its cyclic and linear oligomers by HPLC. Edition: 1 (Monolingual), Number of pages: 14, Price code: G (ca 68 Swiss francs), Technical committee / subcommittee: TC 61/SC 5, ICS: 83.080.01, Stage: 60.60, Stage date: 2000-04-13 (source: www.iso.ch/cate/d26269.html).
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Bourges, F., Bureau, G., Dumonceau, J. and Pascat, B. 1992a. Effects of electron beam irradiation on antioxidants in com-mercial polyolefins: Determination and quantification of products formed. Packaging Technol. & Sci. 5: 205-209.
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Buchalla, R., Boess, C. and Bögl, K. W. 1998. Radiolysis products in gamma-irradiated plastics by thermal desorption-GC-MS Part 2. BgVV-Heft 07/1998. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV), Berlin, Germany.
Buchalla, R., Boess, C. and Bögl, K. W. 1999. Characterization of volatile radiolysis products in radiation-sterilized plastics by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Screening of six medical polymers. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 56 (3): 353-367.
Buchalla, R., Boess, C. and Bögl, K. W. 2000. Analysis of volatile radiolysis products in gamma-irradiated LDPE and polypropylene films by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. & Isotop. 52 (2): 251-269.
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A review on the effects of ionizing radiation on packaging materials (plastics, glass, metals, wood and waxes). The effects of microwave and UV radiation are also discussed in brief. The materials approved in the U. S. are listed in a table; some migration data from Wierbicki and Killoran, 1966 (cf. below) are reprinted. 20 references.
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